Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.     

论就业与人才培养导向下的高等体育教育课程设置

无论一个大学具有多么悠久的历史，其专业设置和课程设置必须不断更新才能更上时代的脚步，大学才具有生存的价值 和发展的潜力。大学的专业设置和课程设置反映了大学管理层乃至更高层次的教育管理者的观念和思路。人才培养导向和就业 导向是左右大学课程设置和大学培养什么样的人的关键所在。我国高等体育院校的课程设置受到旧的教育观念和课程体系的惯 性影响，在当下已表现出了不合时宜，加强以就业为导向的课程设置理念对于体育课程改革十分必要。     

微波杀青对茶在制品物理特性影响的初探

以一芽一叶的福鼎大白茶鲜叶为原料,设定6个微波杀青的时间梯度(0、30、60、90、120、150 s),按时间点取样,测定在制品的含水率、容重、色差Lab值、长度、宽度等,研究微波杀青时间对茶在制品物理特性的影响。结果表明,随着微波杀青的进行,在制品的含水率在前90 s匀速缓慢下降,而后急速下降,容重在微波30 s后显著下降;茶在制品的平均相对长度差、相对宽度差和面积差呈现先降后升的趋势,在微波60~90 s时相对最小;在制品色差L值、|a|值、b值随着微波杀青的进行,呈先升后降的趋势,微波前90 s均较鲜叶有显著提升,而后显著下降。相关性分析表明,微波杀青时间和含水率均对L值、|a|值、b值、相对长度差等呈显著影响,总体上看以微波杀青60~90 s最有利于获得较优的外形属性。     

The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: Two case studies from oat and wheat plants

Stem lodging is a common problem in cereal crop production and a main constraint for grain yield improvement. The leaf sheath that surrounds and protects the hollow internodes of stem could provide the plants with a great physical support. However, this biomechanical function has been ignored for several decades in cereal crops. This study aimed to examine the biomechanical properties of basal stem internodes and lodging susceptibility of the whole plants with or without the clasping leaf sheath in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) among different genotypes and agronomic practices (including planting densities and nitrogen application rates). The main objective was to quantify the mechanical role of the leaf sheath in oat and wheat crops by a “safety factor” method. On average, the leaf sheath contributed 40%, 68% and 38% of the overall stem bending strength, flexural rigidity and safety factor, in oat, while it accounted for 11%, 24% and 10%, respectively, in wheat plants. The significant contribution of the leaf sheath is due to its vital role in enlarging the peripheral position (i.e., second moment of area) and stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus). The contribution ratios (%) were found to be higher in oat than in wheat plants, due to the greater mass density of leaf sheath and more proficient/prevailing stay-green capability in oat genotypes. This study emphasizes the important mechanical role of clasping leaf sheath on stem internodes of cereals and indicates that the stay-green trait of the leaf sheath can be exploited to design appropriate varieties with improved lodging resistance and great yield potential.     

生物质导热系数测量系统设计

随着不可再生能源的日渐枯竭,生物质能源的研究工作受到越来越多的关注。想要充分了解和利用生物质能源,生物质材料的热物性分析必不可少。其中,导热系数表征就是研究的重点内容之一,设计出可靠便捷的测量系统至关重要。笔者以LabVIEW平台为基础,依靠其强大的测控功能,结合3ω法测量原理及具体的实验步骤,设计出一种固液相样品都适用的导热系数测量系统。实验中测量端的铂丝将产生电信号,经前置放大电路被锁相放大器SR830采集,然后通过GPIB接口卡与PC机通讯。其中,上位机LabVIEW的程控交互界面包括了前期准备、信息记录、数据采集和曲线显示4个部分,为研究人员提供了直观、便捷、高效的实验进程帮助。还从测量对象的性质和实验台搭建过程两个方面,分析了可能存在的误差来源。为了验证该导热系数测量系统的可靠性,对常见的生物质液体,包括存在固液相变化的样品,进行了测量实验。测量值与文献参考值比较显示,系统误差小于5%,说明该测量系统具有较高的可靠性和稳定性。     

中国河西走廊东灰山和西灰山作物遗存研究

河西走廊是古代中原文化和西域文化的交叉地带,也是古丝绸之路的重要通道。为了给研究东西方物质和文化交流在中国农业发展史上的作用提供实物证据,对甘肃民乐东灰山和西灰山现有材料采用遗址剖面土壤样本浮选、分拣、鉴定和理化分析方法,以现代作物种子为对照,确定遗址炭化作物籽粒的种类、性状差异及年纪。结果显示,东灰山遗址发现了炭化小麦、大麦、谷子(粟)、糜子(黍、稷)、黑麦、荞麦和燕麦籽粒,以及胡桃壳、枣核等;西灰山遗址发现了炭化小麦、谷子、糜子和大麦籽粒;两个遗址的作物种植结构基本一致。东灰山和西灰山发现的作物以小麦最为古老,距今在3 800~3 600年之间,西灰山小麦种植历史稍早于东灰山。在新石器晚期至青铜器时代,河西走廊的粮食生产已有比较合理的作物种类结构,包括小麦、大麦、谷子、糜子、黑麦、荞麦和燕麦等。炭化小麦籽粒较小,且大小不均匀,说明人工选育程度低。如对东灰山和西灰山作物和植物遗存开展系统性发掘,可能还会有更多新发现或新认知。     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

响应面法优化干热变性莲子淀粉膜制备工艺

以干热变性莲子淀粉为主要原料,研究变性淀粉用量、甘油用量和干燥温度对干热变性莲子淀粉膜性能的影响,并采用响应面分析及加权评价函数法对膜性能指标进行综合优化,得到干热变性莲子淀粉的最佳成膜工艺条件为:变性莲子淀粉用量为3.53%,甘油用量为1.51%,干燥温度80.61℃。本研究成果将为干热变性莲子淀粉可食膜的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

磁化水灌溉对保护地土壤质量及尖椒品质的影响

[目的]探讨磁化水处理技术对长期保护地栽培土壤矿质养分、生物酶活性、物理结构等土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响,为减缓保护地栽培土壤次生盐渍化进程及土壤质量改善提供理论依据,为磁化水处理技术的应用提供理论基础。[方法]以山东省寿光市洛城镇长期保护地栽培土壤和尖椒为试材,采用田间小区试验设计,设置磁化水灌溉处理,以非磁化水灌溉处理为对照,测定0~15cm土层中土壤全量养分、有效性养分和交换性养分含量、土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤颗粒以及pH等土壤理化性质和果实品质指标,分析其变化特征。[结果]结果表明：(1)磁化水灌溉提高了尖椒果实中维生素C、花青素、还原糖含量和可溶性糖含量,提高比例分别为1.76~46.85%；降低了果实中有机酸含量。(2)磁化水灌溉处理促进了Fe、Cu、N和P在叶片中的累积,其含量高于果实,而Mn和Zn含量则略低于果实中含量；Fe含量提高比例最高,在叶片和果实中平均值为57.20%,其次为全磷含量,平均值为53.49%；且磁化水灌溉处理尖椒果实和叶片矿质元素含量均高于非磁化水灌溉处理。(3)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤中N、P、Mn和Zn等元素全量含量降低,为2.04%~20.61%；Fe和Cu等元素全量含量提高为4.64%-6.48%；土壤交换性K、Na和Ca等离子含量降低,为2.15%~4.95%,而交换性Mg离子含量则提高；铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和有机质等有效性养分含量提高。(4)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶等生物酶活性均有不同幅度的提高,为0.27%~24.75%。(5)磁化水灌溉保护地栽培土壤容重降低、孔隙度增加,黏粒和粉粒等细小颗粒含量增加,而砂粒含量则有所下降。[结论]综上所述,磁化水处理技术有利于土壤物理结构的改善,对土壤有效性养分累积和供应强度以及土壤生物酶活性有明显的促进作用,从而提高尖椒果实的鲜食品质；并通过调整交换性离子含量和组成以及土壤pH的调节,减缓保护地土壤次生盐渍化的发生。     

云南农民财产性收入渠道的跨省市比较研究

基于东中西部典型省市的财产性纯收入渠道与结构比较,探求云南农民财产性纯收入渠道中存在的难点和问题,提出构建云南农民财产性纯收入增长长效机制及拓宽农民财产性纯收入增收渠道的对策和建议。